MEMORIAL: The method by which the legislature addresses Congress and other governments or government agencies or implements a petition; A method by which the legislator congratulates or honours groups or individuals. GROSS: Most commonly, the process by which a bill is updated — that is, how adopted amendments and other amendments are incorporated into a bill — as it passes through the Senate or House of Representatives. DISTRIBUTION: determination of the constituencies in which members are elected. LEGISLATIVE DAY: A day when one or both chambers meets to conduct official business. ADJOURNMENT SINE DIE: Final end of an ordinary or extraordinary Parliament. The realist theory of international relations asserts that states are the main power actors in international politics. Realists respond to the anarchic world system by adopting a doctrine of self-help and believing that they cannot rely on anyone but themselves to provide security. [11] They believe that in the anarchic system, the fundamental motive for a state`s behavior is survival, which they see relatively; whereas improving the security of one State will inevitably lead to a reduction in the security of others. Thus, states are forced to constantly consider that others may have more power than they have or plan to acquire more power, and are therefore forced to do the same, leading to competition and balance.
[11] While the concept of anarchy underlies realist, liberal, neorealist and neoliberal theories of international relations, constructivist theory denies that anarchy is a fundamental condition of the international system. Alexander Wendt, the most influential modern constructivist thinker, is often quoted as writing that “anarchy is what states make of it.” [2] That is, anarchy is not inherent in the international system, as other schools of IR theory imagine, but it is a construction of states within the system. At the heart of constructivist thought is the idea that, contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism, many fundamental aspects of international relations are socially constructed (they take shape through continuous processes of social practice and interaction) and not inherent. Wendt enumerates the two basic principles of constructivism as follows: The word anarchy literally means “leaderless.” The word combines the Greek prefix “an-” for the meaning without, with the Indo-European root arkh, meaning “to begin” or “to take the lead”. It comes from ancient Greek (ἀναρχία-anarchia) and means “absence of leader”. In everyday language, anarchy means both the absence of a leader and the disorder that some expect to be associated with the absence of a leader. [3] Term of office: The period for which a person is elected. British pacifist G. Lowes Dickinson has often been credited with coining “anarchy” as an artistic term in political science in his books: The European Anarchy (1916), War: Its Nature, Cause and Cure (1923) and The International Anarchy (1926).
[4] [5] Some argue that Dickinson used anarchy in a context incompatible with modern IR theorists. [6] Jack Donnelly argues that Philip Kerr`s book Pacifism is Not Enough (1935) initially attributed the same meaning and context to the term anarchy as modern IR theorists. [6] In The French Revolution, the narrative of growing anarchy undermined the narrative in which revolutionaries sought to create a new social order by writing a constitution. [118] DECESION: Proper order, etiquette and conduct of Members during a plenary session. According to the classical realist thinker Niccolò Machiavelli, the desire for more power is rooted in the imperfect nature of humanity, which extends into the political world, forcing states to constantly struggle to increase their capacities. Another traditional realist, Hans Morgenthau, asserted that “international politics is a struggle for power,” asserting that “the struggle for power in time and space is universal.” [12] REPEAL: A method of revoking or rescinding legislation. In practice, anarchy can refer to the limitation or abolition of traditional forms of government and institutions. It can also refer to a nation or inhabited place that has no system of government or central rule.
Anarchy is advocated mainly by individual anarchists who propose replacing government with voluntary institutions. These true institutions or associations are usually modeled on nature, as they may represent concepts such as community and economic autonomy, interdependence, or individualism. Although anarchy is often used negatively as a synonym for chaos or social collapse, this is not the meaning anarchists attribute to anarchy, a society without hierarchies. [1] Proudhon wrote that anarchy is “not the daughter, but the mother of order.” [7] MEMBERS PRESENT: The term refers to members who are actually present at a daily meeting. ORDER OF BUSINESS: The established routine of daily procedure in the legislative body. Such a course would only be subject to bloody and endless anarchy. The combination of anarchy, ruthless mutual aid and power-maximizing behavior of all states leads to another realistic claim: in such an environment, “war is normal,” as a leading realist theorist, the American political scientist Kenneth Waltz, put it. In other words, war or the threat of war is the main means by which anarchic states resolve conflicts of interest.